THE LAST ROUNDUP

American West history — cowboys, cattle drives, the open range, Black cowboys, vaqueros, the frontier myth debunked: the complete narrative history of the cattle kingdom, 1865-1900.

For roughly two decades after the Civil War, the Great Plains were the most consequential economic frontier in American history — and the cowboys who worked them were not the blue-eyed Anglo heroes of the dime novels. A significant proportion were Black freedmen who found in the Texas cattle industry an opportunity the post-war South denied them. Many were vaqueros, Mexican horsemen whose skills predated the Anglo cattle industry by centuries. Some were women. Some were former Confederate soldiers working alongside former Union men on drives where old allegiances had no value. The open range lasted barely a generation. The mythology built on it has lasted more than a century.

In this narrative history of the cattle kingdom, historian Arthur Keith Beaumont follows the full arc from the five-dollar Texas longhorn to the blizzard of 1886-1887 that killed hundreds of thousands of cattle and broke the open range financially. He names the real figures: Nat Love, who published his autobiography as "Deadwood Dick" in 1907; Bill Pickett, who performed bulldogging before the Prince of Wales; Henrietta King, who ran one million acres of the King Ranch for thirty-six years; and Frederick Jackson Turner, whose 1893 frontier thesis shaped American self-understanding for a century.

Inside this American West history:

• Texas longhorns and the Chisholm Trail — how five-dollar cattle became forty-dollar cattle at the Kansas railheads, the economics of the trail drive, and why the longhorn was bred out of existence once the railroad reached Texas (Chapters 1-2)
• Black cowboys and the African American West — Nat Love's thirty-year riding career, Bill Pickett's bulldogging innovation, the Buffalo Soldiers' frontier service, and the all-Black towns of Indian Territory that Oklahoma statehood destroyed (Chapter 18)
• The vaquero's erased legacy — every major cowboy skill, from the lasso (lazo) to chaps (chaparreras) to the rodeo, inherited from Mexican ranching traditions the mythology buried (Chapter 17)
• The range wars and barbed wire — the Johnson County War in Wyoming, Billy the Kid and the Lincoln County War, and how a single technology fenced 400 million acres of open range (Chapters 9-12)
• The blizzard of 1886-1887 — the winter that killed cattle across the northern plains and broke the open range industry financially, ending in three seasons what the mythology said was timeless (Chapter 13)
• The destruction of the buffalo herds — General Sheridan's strategy, 7.5 million animals killed in three years, and Hornaday's 1886 census finding fewer than 1,000 bison alive (Chapter 16)
• Turner, Buffalo Bill, and the manufactured myth — how the frontier thesis, the Wild West Show, and the dime novel turned complex history into ideology (Chapters 21-23)

The last roundup ended in 1890. Who actually rode those drives — and who was written out — is more relevant to questions of land, race, and identity than the mythology that replaced it.

For readers of S. C. Gwynne's EMPIRE OF THE SUMMER MOON and David Grann's KILLERS OF THE FLOWER MOON.